There are so many degree tracks at Appalachian! How do you choose?
Students (and parents) often have significant misconceptions about what our degree programs actually entail and what kind of training they provide.
We made the following table to help you decide if a degree in Geology, a degree in Environmental Science, or a degree in another program is the right major for you
What should I major in?
What are you interested in? | Best Fit Degree & Concentration | Information |
Environmental consulting (i.e. remediating polluted sites, groundwater quality and quantity, risk/hazard assessment and prevention, etc.) | BS in Geology with an Environmental Geology concentration BS in Geology with a concentration in Quantitative Geoscience | We have developed a strong alumni network in the environmental industry in the southeast in the last decade, and Appalachian GES graduates are in high demand. If you want to go straight to work in the environmental industry (involving fieldwork, studying groundwater and surface water resources and contamination, hazardous waste site management, etc.), we strongly recommend the BS in Geology with an Environmental Geology concentration, which is designed to provide students with the hands-on, field-based training in demand by the environmental industry. Students in this program receive considerable field-based training as well as GIS coursework, and typically find employment in the environmental industry immediately upon graduation. Other degree tracks that train you for these jobs include the BS or BA in Geology, and the BS in Geology with a concentration in Quantitative Geoscience. Students with these degrees will have the background to begin the licensure process to become a Professional Geologist (PG), which is a necessary two-part licensure for career advancement past the entry level in much of the environmental industry. * The BS in Environmental Science - Earth System Science is more interdisciplinary and getting PG licensure in NC will require additional coursework. An environmental science degree may not be accepted in all states for PG licensure, regardless of how much extra coursework you have. Click here for details about which states accept a degree in Environmental Science for licensure (available to appstate students only). There is no equivalent professional licensure program in Environmental Science, so we recommend that students who want to work in environmental consulting get a degree in Geology rather than Environmental Science. |
Wetlands Assessment | BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentration (biosphere elective option) - coming in Fall 2024 BS in Environmental Science - Natural Resources concentration (coming in Fall 2024) BS in Biology - concentration in Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology | The curriculum for the BS in Environmental Science Earth Systems Science (biosphere electives) and Natural Resources concentrations can give students a head start on the necessary training to become licensed wetlands assessment professionals in the environmental industry through the PWS (Professional Wetland Scientist) certification, but does not immediately qualify students for certification upon graduation. Students who are specifically interested in ecology and conservation studies as they pertain to living systems would be better served by the BS in Biology with a concentration in Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology. The BS in Environmental Science is more interdisciplinary, and investigates broader ecosystem interactions via a combination of biology, geoscience, math, physics, and chemistry. |
Ecology and Biological Conservation | BS in Biology with an Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology BS in Environmental Science - Natural Resources concentration (coming Fall 2024) | The BS in Biology with an Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology is the best option for students specifically interested in ecology and conservation studies as they pertain to living ecosystems. This degree program is primarily biology coursework. The BS in Environmental Science - Natural Resources concentration is also an option for students who want a more interdisciplinary view of the ecological sciences as they pertain to broader earth and environmental systems. This degree program requires coursework in the biological sciences, the geosciences, data analysis/statistics, geospatial techniques, policy, etc. |
Technical solutions for climate change | BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentration (earth materials elective option) - coming in Fall 2024 | The BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration and BS and BA in Geology provide graduates with the geology and physics and chemistry knowledge they need to work on climate change mitigation, such as sourcing materials for carbon-neutral green tech and battery storage (what isn't grown has to be mined!), carbon capture and sequestration (requires a strong foundation in mineralogy, geochemistry, and hydrogeology), and solutions for climate-related hazards. The Geology degree tracks require an intensive, six-week summer field course in geology. Starting in Fall 2024, the BS in Environmental Science - Earth System Science Concentration (earth materials elective option) will require coursework that can provide graduates with the knowledge on green tech materials listed above. There is no required six week summer field course in Environmental Science. |
Studying the impacts and effects of climate change | BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentration BS in Environmental Science - Quantitative Environmental Science Concentration | These programs of study give students the foundation to study the impacts, effects and systematics of climate change from a variety of fields, depending on their concentration. Students may elect to concentrate on the biological effects of climate change, the atmospheric science of climate change, or the impact of climate change on water resources, among many other subfields. If you are interested in studying climate change as a career (studying climate change typically requires a graduate degree*), talk with your GES advisor as soon as possible about the different options available. All of these degree tracks have minimum math requirements of Calc II or advanced statistics. A six-week summer field course is required for the Geology degree tracks, but not the Environmental Science degree tracks. * see our Thinking about graduate school? page for more information and common misperceptions about getting a graduate degree in the earth/environmental sciences. |
Environmental Activism, Environmental Justice | BS in Sustainable Development: Environmental Studies Concentration | Students who wish to study the environment from a social justice and policy angle may be better served by the BS in Sustainable Development: Environmental Studies Concentration, where students are prepared for careers that help build connections between environmental scientists, policy makers, and the general public. Graduates of this program tend to look for work with non-profit environmental organizations, advocacy groups, some government agencies, and private businesses, but do not receive the scientific/field training required for employment by environmental consulting firms. |
Earth Materials and Green Tech Mining (rocks, minerals, etc.) | BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentration (earth materials elective option) - coming in Fall 2024 | The BS and BA in Geology are standard geology degree tracks that produce well-rounded students who are prepared to go to graduate school or directly into a variety of industries or government positions. These degree tracks are the department's most flexible track, but still require considerable external coursework in calculus, chemistry, and calculus-based physics. The BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration provides graduates with additional technical skills that they need to succeed at the graduate level (additional math classes, data processing and modeling coursework, etc.). These degree tracks require an intensive, six-week summer field course in geology. Starting in Fall 2024, the BS in Environmental Science - Earth System Science Concentration (earth materials elective option) will require coursework that will provide graduates with the knowledge on green tech materials listed above. |
Sustainable Food Systems and Agriculture | Students who are interested in sustainable food systems would be better served by the programs in the Department of Sustainable Development, such as agroecology. | |
Environmental Policy and Law | BS in Environmental Science - Natural Resources concentration (coming in Fall 2024) | Students who are interested in working in environmental policy while desiring a strong science background typically choose the BS in Environmental Science (Natural Resources) or the BS in Geology with an Environmental Geology concentration. These students will still receive intense training in the natural sciences and in mathematics. Students are typically employed in environmental policy positions and state/local government. |
Soil and/or water conservation, agroecology | Department of Sustainable Development BS in Environmental Science - Natural Resources concentration (coming in Fall 2024) BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentration (biosphere elective option) - coming in Fall 2024 BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentration (hydrosphere elective option) - coming in Fall 2024 | Students who are interested in soil conservation and agriculture and its role in the environment may be interested in the agroecology program in the Department of Sustainable Development. Students who are more interested in conservation in general while still receiving a rigorous math/science background would be best served by our new BS in Environmental Science - Natural Resources concentration or Earth System Science concentrations with either a Biosphere or Hydrosphere set of electives (coming in Fall 2024) |
Fossils and Paleontology | The BS in Geology with a concentration in Paleontology is the track for you. We are one of the only schools in the country with a dedicated paleontology degree track! This program builds off the BS in Geology and targets the dedicated undergraduate interested in pursuing a career in paleontology, natural history museum curation, or the petroleum industry by providing a strong interdisciplinary background rooted in geology and biology, opportunities for student research in paleontology and museum studies, and a program of study designed to facilitate entry to graduate school. This degree track requires an intensive, six-week summer field course in geology. | |
Earth and Environmental Science Education: middle school and high school level | The BS in Geology with an Earth/Environmental Science Education track qualifies students for double licensure in Earth/Environmental Science and Comprehensive Science in all NC schools. | |
High tech applied geoscience (geophysics, fault modeling, groundwater modeling, geodesy, remote sensing, hazard modeling, etc.) | BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration BS in Environmental Science - Quantitative Environmental Science Concentration | Students who wish to do computational geoscience and math (i.e. computer modeling, data processing, etc.) the BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration or the new BS in Environmental Science - Quantitative Environmental Science Concentration (coming in Fall 2024) are the best options. These are our most intense degree tracks, which provides students with an optional math minor and a variety of computational coursework. High tech applied geoscience is a broad term, but it encompasses geoscience fields that do a lot of computational work (geophysics, fault modeling, groundwater modeling, geodesy, remote sensing, hazard modeling, etc.). Students who go into these applied geoscience fields typically go on to graduate school for a MS (or PhD) and are then employed by environmental engineering firms, civil engineering firms, oil/gas companies, and federal, state and local government. These are some of the highest paying jobs in the geoscience fields (typically $90,000/year). |
Mining, oil and gas | If it wasn't grown, it had to have been mined! Literally everything you use on a daily basis in the US involves the extraction of geologic materials. Students who wish to go into extractive industries typically major with a BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration, a BS and BA in Geology, or the BS in Geology with a concentration in Paleontology. All of these programs of study have the appropriate coursework to train students for careers in the oil and gas and mining industries. These degree tracks require an intensive, six-week summer field course in geology. | |
Starting my own Environmental Business, starting my own Sustainable Supply Chain Business | BS in Geology with an Environmental Geology concentration BS in Environmental Science - Natural Resources concentration (coming Fall 2024) BA in Economics with a concentration in Environmental Economics and Policy | Students with a BS in Geology with an Environmental Geology concentration take business classes and typically begin work in the environmental industry upon graduation, and some start their own businesses after receiving training in the environmental consulting field. Most environmental consulting firms require someone on the staff with either a Professional Engineer (PE) or Professional Geologist (PG) licensure. All geology degrees (except for the Geoscience Education track) at Appalachian make you eligible for a Professional Geologist (PG) license after you have five years of work experience and pass both the Geologist in Training exam upon graduation and the PG exam after you earn your experience. The BS in Environmental Science degree tracks both provide options to complete the coursework necessary for licensure either as a PWS (Professional Wetland Scientist) or a Professional Geologist. If you choose a BS in Environmental Science, be sure to take the courses needed to attain these licensures. For those who are interested in the role that business practices and economics plays on the environment, a BA in Economics with a concentration in Environmental Economics and Policy may be what you are looking for. Students who go into this program typically find work with government or non-profits with a focus on environmental issues. |
Geological/Environmental Research (graduate school*) | BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration BS in Environmental Science - Quantitative Environmental Science Concentration BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentration | About 40% of our students go on to graduate school. Our students typically receive full tuition waivers and stipends to attend graduate programs, so paying for graduate school is not usually a problem in the geosciences.* For students who wish to go on to graduate school in the geosciences rather than directly into industry, we highly recommend the BS in Geology with a Quantitative Geoscience concentration. This is one of our most intense (and popular) degree tracks, which provides students with an optional math minor and a variety of computational coursework. We also have a BS in Environmental Science - Quantitative Environmental Science Concentration (coming Fall 2024) which we also recommend to students planning to go to graduate school in the broader environmental/atmospheric/physical sciences. Students earning a BS and BA in Geology and BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentrations have a more flexible set of course requirements than our Quantitative Geoscience track, but are likewise well prepared for graduate school. The BS in Geology with a concentration in Paleontology is specifically for students who want to go into paleontology graduate programs. Note: Students in the BS in Environmental Science - Natural Resources concentration and BS in Geology with an Environmental Geology concentration would likely need additional math/physics classes to get into graduate school, so we recommend these programs of study to students who do not plan to attend graduate school in the physical sciences unless they take additional coursework in math and physics. * see our Thinking about graduate school? page for more information and common misperceptions about getting a graduate degree in the earth/environmental sciences. |
Forestry and Wildlife management | BS in Biology with an Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology | Students interested in forestry and biological natural resources are encouraged to major in biology, with a BS in Biology with an Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology The BS in Environmental Science Natural Resources concentration may also be of interest if you are broadly interested in natural resource assessment, but will contain a number of courses outside of the biology major which may not be relevant to students who are certain they want to go into forestry and wildlife management. |
Outdoor/Adventure Guide; Environmental Education and Interpretation | Department of Recreation Management and Physical Education (multiple concentrations) | Students who want to be outdoor educators (i.e. Outward Bound, interpretive guides, etc.) would be better served by programs in the Department of Recreation Management and Physical Education, with concentrations in Commercial Recreation and Tourism Management, Outdoor Experiential Education, and Recreation and Park Management. |
Park Ranger | numerous options | There are many types of park rangers, so there are many degree tracks that would appropriate for these jobs, depending on what you are interested in doing as a park ranger. The Department of Recreation Management and Physical Education has a BS with concentrations in Commercial Recreation and Tourism Management, Outdoor Experiential Education, and Recreation and Park Management. The BS in Biology with an Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology would also be appropriate for some students, particularly those who intend to be wilderness rangers. Students interested in the law enforcement side of park ranger duties may be better served by a BS in Criminal Justice. |
Working in an Analytical or Microscopy Lab | BS in Environmental Science - Earth Systems Science Concentration (earth materials elective set) - coming in Fall 2024 BS in Chemistry with an Environmental Chemistry concentration BS in Applied Physics with an emphasis area in Environmental Physics |
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Making maps, town/city planning | Many students find that they love working with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to make maps, and receive degrees such as the BA or BS in Geography, or the BS in Community and Regional Planning in the Department of Geography and Planning. These students typically go on to make maps for a wide variety of environmental organizations and industries or are employed by state and local governments. | |
Fish and Game Officer | BS in Biology with an Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology | For those with an interest in the environment from a biological perspective, the BS in Biology with an Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology concentration is the degree track for you. Upon graduation, students in this degree track typically work with state and local governments or go into graduate programs. |
Green/Sustainable Buildings and Technology | Department of Sustainable Technology and the Built Environment | Some students know they want to major in something associated with environmental conservation but prefer a more hands-on degree involving sustainable building systems and sustainable technologies rather than studying the natural sciences. These students typically major in programs within the Department of Sustainable Technology and the Built Environment. |
Any combination of the above | Create your own environmental-associated major via the Interdisciplinary Studies Program (IDS) This is an option for students who have a specific, interdisciplinary, and more social science/humanities career goals who are not served by existing programs of study in other departments. | |
I want to do something environmental but I hate (or am scared of) math! | numerous options | All of the geosciences and environmental science degree tracks require at least Calc I, and most require Calc II, statistics, or higher level math. In our experience, most students who come in saying that they "hate math" or are "bad at math" simply had bad experiences in high school math classes, but aren't actually bad at math. When these students take Calc I and realize it's really not that terrible, many actually go on to minor in math, much to their surprise. Don't deny yourself the value of an interesting degree program (with numerous and well-paying job prospects) because of problematic high school math experiences! |
What if I want to do more than one of these things... should I double major?
- depending on your career goals, a double major might be a good option for you. We have a dedicated page for people who plan to double major, which suggests GES programs of study that best mesh with your other desired major.
If you have more questions, contact the following AGES advisors for more information:
- for questions about the Environmental Science programs of study, contact Dr. Bob Swarthout
- for questions about the Quantitative Geoscience and Quantitative Environmental Science programs of study, contact Dr. Scott Marshall
- for questions about the Environmental Geology program of study, contact Dr. Sarah Carmichael
- for questions about the Paleontology program of study, contact Dr. Andy Heckert
- for questions about the general Geology program of study, contact Dr. Ellen Cowan
- for questions about the Secondary Education program of study, contact Ms. Laura Mallard
- if you are a transfer student, contact Dr. Steve Hageman